History of Afghanistan 1.6

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(English)

The history of Afghanistan, preceding the establishment of the Emirate of Afghanistan in 1823 is shared with that of neighboring Iran, central Asia and the Indian subcontinent. The Sadozai monarchy ruled the Afghan Durrani Empire, considered the founding state of modern Afghanistan.

Human habitation in Afghanistan dates back to the Middle Paleolithic era, and the country's strategic location along the historic Silk Road has led it to be described, picturesquely, as the 'roundabout of the ancient world'. The land has historically been home to various peoples and has witnessed numerous military campaigns, including those by the Persians, Alexander the Great, the Maurya Empire, Arab Muslims, the Mongols, the British, the Soviet Union, and most recently by a US- led coalition. The various conquests and periods in both the Iranian and Indian cultural spheres made the area a center for Zoroastrianism, Buddhism, Hinduism, and later Islam throughout history.

(Pashto)

After the end of the Durrani dictatorship in 1823, the history of Afghanistan as a state begins as the Emirate of Afghanistan, when the foundation of the new state of Afghanistan was laid. In this region, the history of Afghanistan is connected with other countries, in general with Pakistan, India, Iran, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan. Currently, the recorded history of the region, which is now called Afghanistan, reaches 5,000 years before Christ, when this region was under the power of Akhamenesh, but still the evidence shows that, in this land, more than 3,000 Not until 2000 BC did the urban culture exist. The history of Bactria reaches 2,500 years before Christ. Indus Civilization extended to many parts of northern Afghanistan. Alexander the Great and the Macedonian army reached present-day Afghanistan in 330 BC during the Achaemenid Empire and the "Gugamala" war. After that, many dynasties established capitals in Afghanistan, such as: Greek-Bactrian, Kushan, Hindu-Sasanian, Kabul Shahs, Safaris, Samanids, Ghaznavids, Ghoris, Kurds, Timurids, Hotaks and Durranians.

(Persian)

The history of Afghanistan refers to about 500 years before Christ, when Afghanistan was under the Achaemenid Empire. The evidence shows that an advanced stage of urban life around 3,000 to 2,000 years before the arrival of these immigrants would have existed on the Iranian plateau in this land. Also, in the areas of Mandigak and Musainik, buildings related to five thousand years ago have been found. The land of Afghanistan is considered one of the oldest lands in the world in terms of history.

Afghanistan, which was one of the parts of the Achaemenid Empire and was located on the Silk Road, was the birthplace of the world's great civilizations and was considered one of the most important trading centers of the ancient era. This important and sensitive geostrategic and geopolitical location of Afghanistan has played an important role in the formation of a mosaic rich in cultures and great civilizations such as Iranian, Greek, Mediterranean and Indian in this country. From the Paleolithic era and throughout the historical periods, the people of Afghanistan have played a major role in the introduction and expansion of world religions and played an important role in commerce and trade, and have sometimes been the dominant political and cultural law in Asia. Therefore, Afghanistan has been a hotbed of invaders and invaders throughout history, whose traces can still be seen in every corner of this land.